Preheat your oven to 400°F (200°C) and lightly grease a 9×13-inch baking dish with a thin layer of extra virgin olive oil. This helps prevent sticking and encourages the chicken and broccoli to roast instead of steam, giving the casserole better flavor and texture.
Pat the chicken breasts dry with paper towels, then cut them into evenly sized, bite-sized pieces, about 1 to 1½ inches each. Keeping the pieces uniform ensures they cook at the same rate, so you won't end up with some pieces overcooked while others are still underdone.
Wash the broccoli thoroughly under cold running water and drain well. Cut it into medium-sized florets, leaving a little stem attached for extra crunch. Avoid making the florets too small, as they can become overly soft during baking.
In a large mixing bowl, combine the chicken pieces, broccoli florets, extra virgin olive oil, and minced garlic. If you're using them, add the salt, black pepper, and Italian seasoning. Toss everything together until the chicken and broccoli are evenly coated with the oil and seasonings, making sure the garlic is well distributed throughout the mixture.
Transfer the mixture to the prepared baking dish and spread it into a single, even layer. Avoid overcrowding or piling everything in the center, as an even layer allows the chicken to cook properly and helps the broccoli roast instead of becoming soggy.
Sprinkle the freshly shredded sharp cheddar cheese evenly over the entire surface of the casserole. Covering the ingredients with an even layer of cheese ensures every serving gets a delicious cheesy topping and helps keep the chicken moist while baking.
Place the baking dish in the preheated oven and bake for 25–30 minutes, or until the chicken is fully cooked and reaches an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) when checked with an instant-read thermometer. The broccoli should be tender with a slight bite, and the cheese should be melted, bubbly, and lightly golden around the edges.
Remove the casserole from the oven and let it rest for 5–10 minutes before serving. This allows the juices to redistribute through the chicken and gives the melted cheese a chance to set slightly, making the casserole easier to scoop and serve.
Just before serving, sprinkle with fresh chopped parsley for a burst of color and fresh flavor. If desired, squeeze a little fresh lemon juice over the top to brighten the rich, cheesy flavors. Serve warm on its own or with your favorite salad or low-carb side dish for a comforting, wholesome meal.