Chop the cabbage, dice the onion, chop the celery, and mince the garlic. Allow the cream cheese to soften before cooking.
Heat a large Dutch oven or soup pot over medium-high heat. Add the ground beef and cook for 7–9 minutes, breaking it apart until browned and thoroughly cooked to 160°F (71°C).
Drain excess rendered fat, leaving approximately 1 tablespoon in the pot.
Add butter, onion, and celery. Sauté for 4–5 minutes until softened.
Add minced garlic and cook for another 30–45 seconds, stirring continuously.
Stir in smoked paprika, Italian seasoning, black pepper, and salt. Add diced tomatoes and optional Worcestershire sauce. Cook for approximately 2 minutes.
Pour in beef broth and add chopped cabbage. Bring to a gentle boil, then reduce heat to medium-low.
Partially cover and simmer for 15–20 minutes until the cabbage is tender but still holds its shape.
Reduce heat to low. Add softened cream cheese in small pieces, whisking gently until incorporated.
Pour in heavy cream and gradually add shredded cheddar, stirring until the cheese melts and the broth becomes creamy.
Simmer gently for another 2–3 minutes if necessary. Avoid vigorous boiling after adding dairy.
Taste and adjust the seasoning. Remove from heat, rest for 3–5 minutes, and serve warm.